Information Tables

Morse Code & Phonetic Alphabet
Letter	Morse Code	Phonetic Word	Pronunciation (emphasize underlined syllables)	Morse Numbers
A	. _	Alfa	Al FAH	1 . _ _ _ _
B	_ . . .	Bravo	BRAH VOH	2 . . _ _ _
C	_ . _ .	Charlie	CHAR LEE	3 . . . _ _
D	_ . .	Delta	DELL TAH	4 . . . . _
E	.	Echo	ECK OH	5 . . . . .
F	. . _ .	Foxtrot	FOKS TROT	6 _ . . . .
G	_ . .	Golf	GOLF	7 _ _ . . .
H	. . . .	Hotel	HOH TELL	8 _ _ _ . .
I	. .	India	IN DEE AH	9 _ _ _ _ .
J	. _ _ _	Juliett	JEW LEE ETT	0 _ _ _ _ _
K	_ . _	Kilo	KEY LOH
L	. _ . .	Lima	LEE MAH
M	_	Mike	MIKE
N	_ .	November	NO VEM BER
O	_ _ _	Oscar	OSS CAH
P	. _ _ .	Papa	PAH PAH
Q	_ _ . _	Quebec	KEH BECK
R	. _ .	Romeo	ROW ME OH
S	. . .	Sierra	SEE AIR RAH
T	_	Tango	TANG GO
U	. . _	Uniform	YOU NEE FORM
V	. . . _	Victor	VIK TAH
W	. _ _	Whiskey	WISS KEY
X	_ . . _	X-ray	ECKS RAY
Y	_ . _ _	Yankee	YANG KEY
Z	_ _ . .	Zulu	ZOO LOO

Beaufort Scale
Force	Designation	knots km/h mph	Nautical Description
0	Calm	< 1 knots 1.85 km/h 1.15 mph	Sea smooth and glassy
1	Light Air	1-3 knots 2-6 km/h 2-3 mph	Scale-like ripples
2	Light Breeze	4-6 knots 7-11 km/h 5-7 mph	Wavelets with non-breaking crests
3	Gentle Breeze	7-10 knots 13-19 km/h 8-12 mph	Larger wavelets whose crests are beginning to break
4	Moderate Breeze	11-16 knots 20-30 km/h 13-18 mph	Small waves, frequent white caps
5	Fresh Breeze	17-21 knots 31-39 km/h 20-24 mph	Moderate waves, longer and more pronounced in shape. Many white caps evident, Spray may be blown off tops.
6	Strong Breeze	22-27 knots 41-50 km/h 25-31 mph	Larger waves, white foam crests are seen everywhere. More wind blown spray.
7	Near Gale	28-33 knots 52-61 km/h 32-38 mph	Sea begins to heap up. Waves start to break. Spray blown into white streaks.
8	Gale	34-40 knots 63-74 km/h 39-46 mph	Moderately high waves, longer in form. White caps blown into spindrifts. Well defined foam streaks.
9	Strong Gale	41-47 knots 76-87 km/h 47-54 mph	High waves form and sea begins to roll. Dense streaks of foam blown by wind. Visibility may be affected by spray.
10	Storm	48-55 knots 89-102 km/h 55-63 mph	Very high waves form. Crests longer and overhanging. Dense white streaks of foam blown in extensive patches by wind. The whole surface of the sea is heavy and wind shocked.
11	Violent Storm	56-63 knots 104-117 km/h 64-73 mph	Huge waves form. The entire sea surface is blanketed by dense white sheets of foam. Visibility significantly affected. Ships may disappear in wave troughs.
12	Hurricane	64+ knots 118+ km/h 74+ mph	Phenomenally high waves. Sea is completely white with driven foam, air filled with driving spray. Visibility is badly affected.

OPTIMUM FOOD STORAGE TEMPERATURES (⁰F)

The following table is intended as a guide to optimum temperatures for short and long term food storage. In this table the definition for "short" and "long" varies according to the type of food shown. The freezing temperature gives the point at which water within the food will begin to crystallize. Refrigerated food should never be allowed to fall below this temperature for even short periods of time unless it is to be stored in a frozen condition.

Temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit ..., Conversion Calculator

FOOD	LONG	SHORT	FRZ	FOOD	LONG	SHORT	FRZ
APPLES	30-32	38-42	28.4	LIVER, FRESH	32-34	36-38	N/A
ASPARAGUS	32	40	29.4	LOBSTER, BOILED	25	36-40	N/A
BACON	30-35	36-40	25.0	MAPLE SYRUP	31-32	45	N/A
BANANAS	56-72	56-72	30.2	MARGARINE	34-36	N/A	15.0
BEANS, GREEN	32-34	40-45	29.7	MEAT, BRINED	31-32	40-45	N/A
BEANS, DRY	36-40	50-60	N/A	MELONS	34-40	40-45	28.5
BEEF, FRESH	30-33	38-42	N/A	MILK	34-36	40-45	31.0
BEETS, TOPPED	32-35	40-50	26.9	MUSHROOMS	32-35	55-60	30.2
BLACKBERRIES	31-32	42-45	28.9	NUT MEATS	32-50	35-40	20.0
BROCCOLI	32-45	40-45	29.2	ONIONS	32	50-60	30.1
BUTTER	N/A	40-45	15.0	ORANGES	32-34	50	27.9
CABBAGE	32	45	31.2	OYSTERS	N/A	32-35	N/A
CARROTS, TOPPED	32	40-45	29.6	PARSNIPS	32-34	34-40	28.9
CAULIFLOWER	32	40-45	30.1	PEACHES, FRESH	31-32	50	29.4
CELERY	31-32	45-50	29.7	PEARS, FRESH	29-31	40	28.0
CHEESE	32-38	39-45	N/A	PEAS, GREEN	32	40-45	30.0
CHERRIES	31-32	40	28.0	PEAS, DRIED	35-40	50-60	N/A
CORN, FRESH	31-32	45	29.0	PEPPERS	32	40-45	30.1
CRANBERRIES	36-40	40-45	27.3	PINEAPPLE, RIPE	40-45	50	29.9
CREAM	34	40-45	N/A	PLUMS	31-32	40-45	28.0
CUCUMBERS	45-50	45-50	30.5	PORK, FRESH	30	36-40	28.0
DATES, CURED	28	55-60	N/A	POTATOES, WHITE	36-50	45-60	28.9
EGGS, FRESH	30-31	38-45	31.0	POULTRY	28-30	29-32	27.0
EGGPLANT	45-50	46-50	30.4	PUMPKIN	50-55	55-60	30.2
FISH, FRESH	25	25-30	30.0	RASPBERRIES	31-32	40-45	30.0
FISH, DRIED	30-40	N/A	N/A	SARDINES, CANNED	N/A	35-40	N/A
GRAPEFRUIT	32	32	28.4	SAUSAGE, FRESH	30-36	36-40	N/A
GRAPES	30-32	35-40	27.0	SAUERKRAUT	33-36	36-38	N/A
HAM, FRESH	28	36-40	N/A	SQUASH	50-55	55-60	29.3
HONEY	31-32	45-50	N/A	SPINACH	32	45-50	30.8
ICE CREAM	N/A	0-10	N/A	STRAWBERRIES	31-32	42-45	30.0
LEMONS	55-58	N/A	21.8	TOMATOES, RIPE	40-50	55-70	30.4
LETTUCE	32	45	31.2	TURNIPS	32	40-45	30.5

The Semaphore Alphabet

The Semaphore flag signalling system is an alphabet signalling system based on the waving of a pair of hand-held flags in a particular pattern.

The flags are usually square, red and yellow, divided diagonally with the red portion in the upper hoist.

The flags are held, arms extended, in various positions representing each of the letters of the alphabet. The pattern resembles a clock face divided into eight positions: up, down, out, high, low, for each of the left and right hands (LH and RH) six letters require the hand to be brought across the body so that both flags are on the same side.

Flag positions in Semaphore

One way to visualize the semaphore alphabet is in terms of circles:

first circle: A, B, C, D, E, F, G;
second circle: H, I, K, L, M, N (omitting J);
third circle: O, P, Q, R, S;
fourth circle: T, U, Y and 'annul';
fifth circle: 'numeric', J (or 'alphabetic'), V;
sixth circle: W, X;
seventh circle: Z

In their first circle, the letters A to C are made with the right arm, and E to G with the left, and D with either as convenient. In the second circle, the right arm is kept still at the letter A position and the left arm makes the movements; similarly in the remaining circles, the right arm remains fixed while the left arm moves. The arms are kept straight when changing from one position to another.

For another flag communication system, see the international maritime signal flags.

A and 1 (LH down RH low)

N (LH low; RH low)

B and 2 (LH down; RH out)

O (LH across high; RH out)

C and 3 (LH down; RH high)

P (LH up; RH out)

D and 4 (LH down; RH up - or LH up; RH down)

Q (LH high; RH out)

E and 5 (LH high; RH down)

R (LH out; RH out)

F and 6 (LH out; RH down)

S (LH low; RH out)

G and 7 (LH low; RH down)

T (LH up; RH high)

H and 8 (LH across low; RH out)

U (LH high; RH high)

I and 9 (LH across low; RH up)

V (LH low; RH up)

J and 'alphabetic' (LH out ; RH up)

W (LH out; RH across high)

K and 0 zero (LH up; RH low)

X (LH low; RH across high)

L (LH high; RH low)

Y (LH out; RH high)

M (LH out; RH low)

Z (LH out; RH across low)

Numerical sign (LH high; RH up)

Annul sign (LH low; RH high)

Error (LH and RH raised and lowered together)

NOTE: "LH = Left-Hand; "RH" = Right-Hand

World Time Zones
Notes * Summer time may be kept in these places 1. Except Broken Hill Area which keeps 09h 30m. 2. Except Pohnpei, Pinelap and Kosrae which keep +11 3. Islands in these groups that are not part of the Kiribati Republic keep 11h and 10h slow on UTC. 4. Except Ebon Atol which keeps time 24h slow on that of the rest of the islands. 5. The boundaries between the zones are irregular; listed are chief towns in each zone. 6. Summer time, one hour in advance of UTC, is kept from 1997 March 30d 01h to October 26d 01h UTC. 7. This is the legal standard time, but local mean time is generally used. 8. Some stations adopt another time zone. 9. Some towns in the north east keep -07h 10 Mesters Vig and Da,markshavn keep UTC. 11 Except the states of Sonora, Sinaloa and the Southern District of Lower California which keep 07h, and the Northern District of Lower California which keeps 08h*. 12 Summer (daylight-saving) time, one hour fast on the time given, is kept in these states from the first Sunday in April to the last Sunday in October, changing at 02h 00m local clock time. 13 A small portion of the state is in another time zone.
List I - Places fast on UTC (mainly those East of Greenwich)	List II - Places normally keeping UTC.	List III - Places slow on UTC (West of Greenwich)
Admiralty Islands +10 Afghanistan +04 30 Albania* +01 Algeria +01 Amirante Islands +04 Andaman Islands +05 30 Angola +01 Armenia* +04 AUSTRALIA Australian Capital Territory* +10 New South Wales (1)* +10 Northern Territory +09 30 Queensland +10 South Australia* +09 30 Tasmania* +10 Victoria* +10 Western Australia +08 Whitsunday Islands* +10 Austria* +01 Azerbaijan +04 Bahrain +03 Balearic Islands* +01 Bangladesh +06 Belarus* +02 Belgium* +01 Benin +01 Bosnia & Herzegovina* +01 Botswana, Republic of +02 Brunei +08 Bulgaria* +02 Burma (Myanmar) +06 30 Burundi +02 Cambodia +07 Cameroon Republic +01 Caroline Islands (2) +10 Central African Republic +01 Chad +01 Chagos Archipelago +05 Diego Garcia +06 Chatham Islands* +12 45 China +08 Christmas Island, Indian Ocean +07 Cocos Keeling Islands +06 30 Comoro Islands (Comoros) +03 Congo Republic +01 Corsica* +01 Crete* +02 Croatia* +01 Cyprus, Ercan, Larnaca +02 Czech Republic* +01 Denmark* +01 Djibouti +03 Egypt, Arab Republic of* +02 Equatorial Guinea, Republic of +01 Eritrea +03 Estonia* +02 Ethiopia +03 Fiji +12 Finland* +02 France* +01 Gabon +01 Georgia* +03 Germany* +01 Gibraltar* +01 Greece* +02 Guam +10 Holland (The Netherlands)* +01 Hong Kong +08 Hungary* +01 India +05 30 INDONESIA, REPUBLIC OF Bangka, Billiton, Java, West and Central Kalimantan, Madura, Sumatra +07 Bali, Flores, South and East Kalimantan, Lombok, Sulawesi, Sumba, Sumbawa, Timor +08 Aru, Irian Jaya, Kai, Moluccas, Tanimbar +09 Iran* +03 30 Iraq* +03 Israel* +02 Italy* +01 Jan Mayen Island +01 Japan +09 Jordan* +02 Kazakhstan* +06 Kenya +03 Kiribati Republic Gilbert Islands +12 Phoenix Islands(3) +13 Line Islands +14 Korea, North +09 Korea, Republic of (South) +09 Kuril Islands +11 Kuwait +03 Kyrgyzstan* +05 Laccadive Islands +05 30 Laos +07 Latvia* +02 Lebanon* +02 Lesotho +02 Libya +02 Liechtenstein* +01 Lithuania* +02 Lord Howe Island* +10 30 Luxembourg* +01 Macau +08 Macedonia,former Yugoslav Republic +01 Macias Nguema (Fernando Poo) +01 Madagascar, Democratic Republic of +03 Malawi +02 Malaysa, Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak +08 Maldives, Republic of The +05 Malta +01 Mariana Islands +10 Marshall Islands(4) +12 Mauritius +04 Moldova* +02 Monaco* +01 Mongolia* +08 Mozambique +02 Namibia* +01 Nauru +12 Nepal +05 45 Netherlands, The* +01 New Caledonia +11 New Zealand* +12 Nicobar Islands +05 30 Niger +01 Nigeria, Republic of +01 Norfolk Island +11 30 Norway* +01 Novaya Zemlya +03 Okinawa +09 Oman +04 Pagalu (Annobon Islands) +01 Pakistan +05 Palau Islands +09 Papua New Guinea +10 Pescadores Islands +08 Philippine Republic +08 Poland* +01 Portugal* +01 Qatar +03 Reunion +04 Romania* +02 RUSSIA(5)* Zone 1 Kaliningrad +02 Zone 2 Moscow, St Petersburg, Arkhangelsk, Astrakhan +03 Zone 3 Samara, Izhevsk +04 Zone 4 Perm, Amderna, Novyy Port +05 Zone 5 Omsk, Novosibirsk +06 Zone 6 Norilsk, Kyzyl, Dikson, +07 Zone 7 Bratsk, Irkutsk, Ulan-Ude +08 Zone 8 Yakutsk, Chita, Tiksi +09 Zone 9 Vladivostok, Khabarovsk, Okhotsk +10 Zone 10 Magadan, Yuzhno +11 Zone 11 Petropavlovsk, Pevek +12 Rwanda +02 Ryukyu Islands +09 Sakhalin Island* +11 Santa Cruz Islands +11 Sardinia* +01 Saudi Arabia +03 Schouten Islands +10 Serbia* +01 Seychelles +04 Sicily* +01 Singapore +08 Slovakia* +01 Slovenia* +01 Socotra +03 Solomon Islands +11 Somalia Republic +03 South Africa, Republic of +02 Spain* +01 Spanish Possessions in North Africa (Ceuta, Melilla)* +01 Spitsbergen (Svalbard)* +01 Sri Lanka +05 30 Sudan, Republic of +02 Swaziland +02 Sweden* +01 Switzerland* +01 Syria (Syrian Arab Republic)* +02 Taiwan +08 Tajikistan +05 Tanzania +03 Thailand +07 Tonga +13 Tunisia +01 Turkey* +02 Turkmenistan +05 Tuvalu +12 Uganda +03 Ukraine* +02 Simferopol* +03 United Arab Emirates +04 Uzbekistan +05 Vanuatu, Republic of +11 Vietnam, Socialist Republic of +07 Yemen +03 Yugoslavia*, Federal Republic of +01 ZAIRE Kinshasa, Mbandaka +01 Haut-Zaire, Kasai, Kivu, Shaba +02 Zambia, Republic of +02 Zimbabwe +02	Ascension Island 0 Bourkina-Faso 0 Canary Islands* 0 Channel Islands(6) 0 Faeroes, The 0 Gambia 0 Ghana 0 Great Britain(6) 0 Guinea Bissau 0 Guinea Republic 0 Iceland 0 Ireland, Northern(6) 0 Irish Republic 0 Ivory Coast 0 Liberia 0 Madeira* 0 Mali 0 Mauritania 0 Morocco 0 Principe 0 Saint Helena 0 Sao Tome 0 Senegal 0 Sierra Leone 0 Togo Republic 0 Tristan da Cunha 0	Argentina -03 Austral Islands(7) -10 Azores* -01 Bahamas* -05 Barbados -04 Belize -06 Bermuda* -04 Bolivia -04 BRAZIL SE coast, Bahia, Goias, Brasilia* -03 NE coastal states & East Para -03 Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul* -04 Amazones, NW States, Amapa and W. Para -04 Territory of Acre -05 British Antarctic Territory(8) -03 CANADA Alberta* -07 British Columbia(9)* -08 Labrador* -04 Manitoba* -06 New Brunswick* -04 Newfoundland* -03 30 Northwest Territories* east of long, W. 68 -04 long. W. 68 to W. 85 -05 long. W. 85to W. 102 -06 west of long, W. 102 -07 Nova Scotia* -04 Ontario, eastern* -05 Ontario, western -05 Prince Edward Island* -04 Quebec* east of long. W. 63 -04 west of long. W. 63 -05 Saskatchewan -06 Yukon* -08 Cape Verde Islands -01 Cayman Islands -05 Chile* -04 Colombia -05 Cook Islands -10 Costa Rica* -06 Cuba* -05 Curacao Island -04 Dominican Republic -04 Easter Island (I. de Pascua)* -06 Ecuador -05 Falkland Islands* -04 Fanning Island -10 Fernando de Noronha Island -02 French Guiana -03 Galapagos Islands -06 GREENLAND(10), General* -03 Scoresby Sound* -01 Thule area* -04 Grenada -04 Guadeloupe -04 Guatemala -06 Guyana, Republic of -04 Haiti* -05 Honduras -05 Jamaica -05 Johnston Island -10 Juan Fernandez Islands* -04 Leeward Islands -04 Marquesas Islands -09 30 Martinique -04 Mexico(11) -06 Midway Islands -11 Nicaragua -06 Niue -11 Panama, Republic of -05 Paraguay* -04 Peru -05 Puerto Rico -04 St. Pierre and Miquelon* -03 Salvador, El -06 Samoa -11 Society Islands -10 South Georgia -02 Surinam -03 Trindade Island, South Atlantic -02 Trinidad and Tobago -04 Tuamotu Archipelago -10 Tubuai Islands -10 Turks and Caicos Islands* -05 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Alabama(12) -06 Alaska(12), east of W. 169º 30' -09 Aleutian Islands, west of W. 169º 30' -10 Arizona -07 Arkansas(12) -06 California(12) -08 Colorado(12) -07 Connecticut(12) -05 Delaware(12) -05 District of Columbia(12) -05 Florida(12,13) -05 Georgia(12) -05 Hawaii -10 Idaho(12,13) -07 Illinois(12) -06 Indiana(13) -05 Iowa(12) -06 Kansas(12, 13) -06 Kentucky(12), eastern part -05 western part -06 Louisiana(12) -06 Maine(12) -05 Maryland(12) -05 Massashusetts(12) -05 Michigan(12) -05 Minnesota(12) -06 Mississippi(12) -06 Missouri(12) -06 Montana(12) -07 Nebraska(12, 13) -06 Nevada(12, 13) -08 New Hampshire(12) -05 New Jersey(12) -05 New Mexico(12) -07 New York(12) -05 North Carolina(12) -05 North Dakota(12, 13) -06 Ohio(12) -05 Oklahoma(12, 13) -06 Oregon(12, 13) -08 Pennsylvania(12) -05 Rhode Island(12) -05 South Carolina(12) -05 South Dakota(12), eastern part -06 western part -07 Tennessee(12, 13) -06 Texas(12, 13) -06 Uruguay* -03 Utah(12) -07 Vermont(12) -05 Virginia(12) -05 Venezuela -04 Virgin Islands -04 Washington D.C.(12) -05 Washington(12) -08 West Virginia(12) -05 Wisconsin(12) -06 Wyoming(12) -07 Windward Islands -04

Definitions Hail Sizes
Slight or Light	Sparse hailstones of small size, often mixed with rain
Moderate	Particles numerous enough to whiten the ground
Heavy	A proportion of the hailstones exceed 6 mm diameter.
Definitions
Precipitation	Any or all of the forms of water particles, whether liquid (e.g. rain, drizzle) or solid (e.g. hail, snow), that fall from a cloud or group of clouds and reach the ground.
Thunderstorms	Thunderstorms are one or more convective clouds in which electrical discharge can be seen as lightning and heard as thunder by a person on the earth's surface. A severe thunderstorm produces one or more of :- hail at the ground with diameter of 2 cm or more; wind gusts at the ground of 90 km/h or more; tornadoes; or very heavy rain likely to cause flash flooding.

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Information Tables

Morse Code & Phonetic Alphabet

Beaufort Scale

World Time Zones

Definitions